FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY IN THE WORLD: INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE

Abstract

Forensic expert activity plays a crucial role in ensuring justice, as expert opinions significantly influence the investigation and adjudication of criminal cases. The effectiveness of forensic expertise depends on several factors, including the legal framework, institutional organization, qualification standards, and international cooperation mechanisms. In the globalized legal environment, Ukraine must adapt and refine its forensic system by integrating best international practices while considering national legal traditions and institutional capacities.The study aims to analyze the institutional and organizational aspects of forensic expert activity in different jurisdictions and identify opportunities for Ukraine to implement international models to improve the effectiveness of forensic institutions.The research focuses on structural organization, legal status, accreditation mechanisms, and professional certification of forensic experts. Special attention is paid to the analysis of European and American forensic expert models, their accreditation according to ISO/IEC 17025 standards, and the implementation of independent forensic accreditation bodies.The research findings indicate that many developed countries operate centralized forensic institutions with high accreditation and methodological control levels. The experience of the United States, where forensic laboratories function within law enforcement agencies and independent expert institutions, demonstrates the advantages of competition and independent verification of expert opinions. In contrast, European models emphasize the importance of standardization and mandatory accreditation, ensuring the reliability and admissibility of forensic conclusions in court. Despite the presence of a well-developed forensic expert system in Ukraine, there are persistent issues, such as the lack of an independent supervisory body, the absence of clear licensing and certification procedures for experts, and the insufficient integration of forensic research methodologies with international standards. The study identifies challenges related to expert independence, potential pressure from law enforcement and judicial authorities, and the need for a transparent framework for expert accreditation.To address these challenges, several steps are proposed, including reforming the legislative framework governing forensic expert activity, implementing an independent accreditation system based on ISO/IEC 17025, and establishing a national forensic accreditation agency. Strengthening international cooperation, adopting best practices from European forensic networks, and integrating expert databases with international forensic systems will enhance the credibility and efficiency of Ukrainian forensic expertise.The study highlights the necessity of improving forensic expert training programs, developing mechanisms for ongoing professional certification, and ensuring the alignment of forensic methodologies with international scientific advancements. Future research should focus on the development of national accreditation mechanisms, the expansion of forensic disciplines, and the integration of AI-based forensic tools into expert practices.