EFFECTIVENESS OF USING 3D MODELLING IN BALLISTICS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF FIREARMS EVENTS

Abstract

This article analyzes the effectiveness of using 3D modeling technologies in forensic ballistics, focusing on the recon- struction of events involving firearms. In contemporary investigative practice, the need for precise spatial interpretation of crime scenes has encouraged the adoption of digital tools, with 3D modeling becoming increasingly relevant. This techno- logy enables more accurate reconstruction of bullet trajectories, shooter and victim positions, and wound characteristics, enhancing the objectivity of forensic conclusions.The article reviews current Ukrainian and international approaches to 3D modeling in forensic contexts. Ukrainian experience is represented by case studies demonstrating the application of photogrammetry and specialized software (e.g., Agisoft PhotoScan, 3Ds Max) for reconstructing gunshot injuries. A study by Zmiievska et al. highlights the value of such methods in determining projectile trajectories and injury types. Internationally, research by Guarnera et al. illustrates the integration of virtual reality (VR) with 3D visualization, allowing for more immersive and accurate evaluation of ballistic evidence.The paper compares traditional reconstruction techniques with digital modeling, identifying clear advantages in accura- cy, visualization, and reproducibility. At the same time, it addresses barriers to wider implementation in Ukraine, including the absence of technical standards, limited access to equipment, and insufficient professional training.Attention is given to the legal admissibility of 3D reconstructions in court and the importance of procedural safeguards.The authors emphasize the need for integrating these technologies into expert practice, pre-trial investigations, and forensic education. Recommendations are offered for improving technical infrastructure, updating regulations, and enhancing expert preparedness to strengthen the role of 3D modeling in the Ukrainian criminal justice system.