PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF RESPONDING TO CASES OF DOMESTIC AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BY OFFENDERS WITH COMBAT EXPERIENCE

Abstract

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the psychological and legal factors determining the specifics of domestic and gender-based violence in the context of prolonged armed aggression against Ukraine. The paper analyzes the structure of violence, where psychological pressure, physical coercion, and economic exploitation predominate. Special attention is paid to the categories of victims, among whom women, children, and the elderly are the most prevalent. Based on empirical observations, the author demonstrates that combat experience is not a direct determinant of aggression but acts as a powerful catalyst for destructive behavior in the presence of PTSD, addictions, and resocialization challenges. The article reveals the mechanisms of transforming combat adaptation strategies into maladaptive family models. It describes specific triggers for veterans that cause outbursts of anger and a «distorted stress response,» where minor domestic conflicts are perceived as a threat to life. The study highlights the issue of shifting family roles after a combatant’s return, which often leads to crises of control and power. The role of social stigma is particularly emphasized: victims often justify the offender based on their service to the state, which deepens the victims’ psychological vulnerability. The legal aspect of the research focuses on the implementation of international standards and the analysis of Ukrainian legislation. The author emphasizes that committing violence under martial law is an aggravating circumstance, allowing courts to impose penalties close to the maximum limit. Proposals for improving legislation are considered, including the implementation of electronic monitoring of offenders and expanding the list of restrictive orders. The author proposes key principles for interacting with offenders who have combat experience: from relying on facts and «grounding» techniques to involving military psychologists. The conclusions confirm the need for an integrated approach that combines a strict legal response with professional medical and psychological rehabilitation. The article stresses that trauma does not excuse responsibility, and systematic work with veteran offenders is critical for national security and the preservation of the family institution in Ukraine.